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The central banking system is a major sector of any modern monetary system. It is of great importance to the fiscal policy of the national government and the functioning of the private sector. Central banks such as the Bank of England, the Federal Reserve Board of the US, the Bundesbank of Germany, the Central Bank of Russia function for the government and other banks, not for private customers. They are responsible for the implementation of monetary policy and supervision over the banking system.
In particular, they control the money supply, fix the minimum interest rate, act as lenders of last resort to commercial banks with liquidity problems, issue coins and bank notes, influence exchange rates by intervening in foreign exchange markets.
To ensure the safety of the banking system, central banks impose reserve requirements, obliging commercial banks to deposit a certain amount of money with the central bank at zero interest. Central banks in different countries also impose different "prudential rations" on commercial banks such as capital ratio and liquid ratio.
In the course of market reforms in Russia the Central Bank has been pursuing moderately tight monetary policy aimed at further reduction of inflation and putting an end to direct budget deficit crediting. The CBR has been using the following main instruments of monetary policy:
o Fixed targets for the money supply growth,
o Refinancing of commercial banks,
o Interest rates,
o Open market operations,
o Commercial banks reserve requirements,
o Foreign currency control,
o Direct quantity restrictions.
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